Tajuk 2: Struktur Asas Emosi

TAJUK 2: STRUKTUR ASAS EMOSI
Mindmap 2 INTRO TO EMOTION
3 Structure & expression of emotion

Structure and expressions of emotion
Just few basic emotions, called ‘primary emotion’
Innate character of human species
Expressed similarly across cultures
Two broad theories
Evolutionary/biological theories
Learning theories
Mindmap Structure & Expression of Emotion

3.1 Darwin’s basic theory of emotion
A typical satire was the later caricature in Hornet magazine portraying Darwin with an ape body and the bushy beard he grew in 1866.

3.1 Darwin’s basic TOE
A typical satire was the later caricature in Hornet magazine portraying Darwin with an ape body and the bushy beard he grew in 1866.

Darwin’s
Emosi terdiri dari emosi asas – primary emotion
Emosi primari ini adalah ciri-ciri dalaman manusia yang dialami serta diekspresikan dalam bentuk yang seragam di semua bangsa dan budaya (Kokoszka, 1993)

Darwin’s
Dalam bukunya, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”,
Ekspresi wajah melambangkan emosi (sebab muka adalah yang senang dilihat, bukannya organ lain)
16 soalan tentang emosi kepada 36 bangsa berbeza dan didapati jawapan adalah sama

Primary emotion- Pros & cons

Pros
Nervous system and neural structure capable of mediating few emotions
Have 3 characteristics:
Innate neural substrates
Universal, crossing all cultures
Unique feeling states
Primary emotion- Pros & cons

Cons
No such thing as ‘primary emotion’
Basic elements make up emotion

Example:
Happiness consists of 3 elements
Anxiety, 4 elements, etc.

Primary emotion- Pros & cons
Difficult questions- what are the specific primary emotions?
Woodworth (in 1938) proposed structural system for emotions
Schlosberg (in 1952) further devised a 3D structure of emotion:
pleasantness/ unpleasantness,
attention/rejection,
sleep/attention
Plutchik (1962) developed more complete model

Emosi primari
Emosi primari ini adalah ciri-ciri dalaman manusia yang dialami serta diekspresikan dalam bentuk yang seragam di semua bangsa dan budaya (Kokoszka, 1993)
Kebanyakan teorists i.e.Robert Plutchik, Silvan Tomkins, Caroll Izard and Paul Ekman – emosi primari menerbitkan emosi-emosi lain

Emosi primari
Emosi bersifat adaptif
Kesemua emosi yang wujud adalah kombinasi gabungan antara emosi-emosi primari (Rolls, 1990)

Plutchik’s language of emotion
MindmapPlutchik’s primary emotion theory

Plutchik's ten postulates
Ten postulates:
The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to animals as well as to humans.
Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms of expression in different species.
Plutchik's (1980) theory of basic emotions
Emotions served an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.
Despite different forms of expression of emotions in different species, there are certain common elements, or prototype patterns, that can be identified.
There is a small number of basic, primary, or prototype emotions
Plutchik’s (1980) cont’d
All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions.
Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
Plutchik’s (1980) cont’d
Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of pairs of polar opposites.
All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to one another.
Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.
Plutchik’s language of emotion

Plutchik’s language of emotion
Emosi boleh digambarkan dalam 3 bahasa yang berbeza:
Subjective language – bahasa subjektif
Behavioral language – bahasa tingkahlaku
Functional language – bahasa fungsian
Fear (subjective language) may lead to escape behavior (behavioral language) and serve the purpose of protecting (functional language).

Subjective language Bahasa Subjektif
Ia adalah bahasa biasa bagi emosi
Contoh: takut, gembira dan sedih

Behavioral language Bahasa Tingkahlaku
Ia merujuk kepada apakah tindakan susulan dari emosi yang telah dirangsang
Contoh:
GEMBIRA – melompat kegirangan, senyum gembira
SEDIH – mengalirkan airmata

Functional languageBahasa fungsian
Ia merujuk kepada fungsi emosi tersebut kepada seseorang.
Ia juga merujuk kepada bagaimana emosi itu berperanan kepada individu
Contoh:
BERANI – memberinya keyakinan
SEDIH – melambangkan akrabnya persahabatan
Plutchik’s basic adaptive reactions

Plutchik’s basic adaptive reactions
Major opposite emotions:
Acceptance/disgust
Fear/anger
Joy/sadness
Surprise/expectancy
Plutchik’s dimensions of emotion
Dimensi emosi
Intensity
Merujuk kepada darjah kekuatan emosi (i.e. dari bahagia kepada gembira)
Similarity
Merujuk kepada hubungan (i.e takut dan sedih lebih dekat berbanding takut dan gembira)
Polarity
Merujuk kepada kekutuban (i.e. benci lawannya suka)

Emosi asas, Lapan
Takut- FEAR
Meluat- DISGUST
Marah - ANGER
Terperanjat - SURPRISE
Gembira - JOY
Sedih - SADNESS
Terima – ACCEPTANCE
Rasa Ingin Tahu - CURIOSITY
Plutchik’s emotion model

The Plutchik Emotion Model
Plutchik identifies 8 primary emotions, shown inside the wheel. Like primary colours, they combine to form additional emotions like those shown outside the wheel.
Plutchik’s 3D model
The wheel is actually just a slice through an emotion solid. Terms at the top of the solid represent maximum level of arousal for each basic dimension. Terror, e.g. is the maximal level on the dimension that includes the less intense of emotion of fear and apprehension.

Plutchik’s 3D model
Pendekatan Dimensi
Donald Fromme & Clayton O’Brien (1982) mencadangkan Kitaran Emosi (Emotion Circle) sebagai alternatif kepada teori Plutchik.
4 dimensi emosi
Dominance-submission
Approach-avoidance
Pleasure-pain
Parasympathetic arousal-sympathetic arousal

3.1 Tomkin’s Facial Feedback Theory
3.1 Tomkin’s Facial Feedback Theory
MindmapTomkin’s Facial Feedback Theory
What causes what?
You smile because you are happy? Or
You feel happy because you are smiling?
Let’s do this- give a real big smile!
Do you feel happier?
Yes, you do, according to Tomkin
Smile makes you happy!
Emotion is primarily facial behavior
Simulasi
Bersama rakan sebelah anda.
Salah seorang buat jenaka, dan seorang mendengar.
Ketawa tak?
Kemudian ..
Cuba buat begini!
Minta kawan buat jenaka sekali lagi, ..
Mana lebih cepat ketawa?
Tanpa pen di mulut?
Bila ada pen di mulut?

Studies supporting FFT
Two studies
Ursula Hess & colleagues (among female undergrads at Univ of Geneva, Switzerland)
Robert Zajonc & colleagues
Studies supporting FFT
Hess’- asked female undergrads to do 3 tasks:
First, to feel 4 emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and peacefulness)
Second, to form facial expressions without feeling them.
Third, to feel emotions and form the facial expressions
Results: took less time to do the third
Thus, facial feedback facilitated the experience of emotion

Studies supporting FFT
Zajonc’s
A change in the facial muscle produces a specific expression.
Movement of the facial muscle restrict the flow of blood, thereby influencing the warming and cooling of the brain
Cooling the brain = pleasant emotions
Warming = aversive feelings.

Studies supporting FFT
Test of Zajonc’s hypothesis: air was blown into the nasal passages of participants
When the air was warm, subjects experience negative emotions
When it was cool, positive emotions.
Note: although FE generates feeling, a person’s expression at the moment is not a pure indication of an emotion.
Facial expression is an important part of communication, has little to do with internal, emotional feelings.

Izard’s Innate facial expression
Izard’s Innate facial expression
Neural mechanism for FE and perception of expressions are innate
Emotions are innate, learning has minor impact on emotional experience.
Evidences
Newborn’s ‘born to smile’ studies
Cross-cultural studies.
Izard’s Innate facial expression
‘Born to smile’ studies
Presence of emotional expressions at birth, anger & surprise by 5 or 6 months, expression of content by 1st year, and guilt early in 2nd year
Criticism- baby’s smile does not mean he is happy!
Not supported by literatures on newborn studies
Izard’s Innate facial expression
Cross-cultural studies
Ekman’s study in the US, Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Japan.
Showed photos, asked subject to indicate what emotion.
Found high degree of agreement in the 5 different cultures.
Critics: literate society?
Facial Expressions Convey Emotions
Cross-Cultural Studies
Ekman conducted more studies in Borneo and New Guinea, results confirmed.
Scherer & Walbott 1994 reviewed studies of 37 countries and 5 continents
S & W concluded that there is consistent evidence for the cross-cultural stability of emotional response patterns
Ekman: EE is not entirely innate, it is modified by cultural experience
Cross-Cultural Studies
Paul Ekman (1994) menyokong kesejagatan mimik muka dengan emosi
Computerized analysis of facial photos (Pilowsky & Katsikitis, 1994) digunakan dalam kajian-kajian (Ekman, 1971 – di Borneo & New Guinea)
Wajah gembira (95-100%) lebih dominan dikenalpasti dari wajah takut (54-85%), cross culturally
Izard’s Innate facial expression
Scherer & Wallbott (1994) meneliti kajian-kajian meliputi 37 negara dan 5 benua dan mendapati bahawa konsep kesejagatan emosi wajah adalah mantap dan stabil.
Yang berbeza adalah BAGAIMANA emosi itu dialami dan dikawal, bukan pada bagaimana emosi itu dizahirkan.
However, inborn expressions can be modified to some degree by cultural experience.
Learning & experience theories

3 Structure & Expression of Emotion
Learning & experience theories
Role of learning and experience
The biological view of experience
The learning theory view of experience
Learning & experience theories
The biological view of experience
Learning plays a relatively minor role in emotion
Plutchik: emotions are direct expression of genetic potentials of an individual, learning acts to modify them
Matsumoto- studied expression and intensity of emotion in Caucasian, African American, Asian and Hispanics, found basic emotions were the same, but nuances of expression were different.

Learning & experience theories
Izard:
‘each emotion sensitizes the infant to a particular features of the environment’ and facilitates learning
Emotions emerge over the first few months of life to influence behaviour of infants
Innate emotions become individualised by learning and experience
Activators are situations that cause an emotion to be expressed.
Learning & experience theories
Emotion e.g. fear is elicited by different activators in different individuals.
E.g. having a pop-quiz
Activator 1- a disaster
Activator 2- an opportunity to improve grade.
Emotions are innate, their expressions and activations are influenced by learning and emotion.
Learning & experience theories
The learning theory view of experience
All emotions are learned
Miller’s study- fear has no biological basis
Study of rats with electric shocks
Result showed the rats learned the emotion
Albert’s study showed humans can also acquire fear through learning processes
Fear is learned but humans are genetically more prepared to learn to fear some objects rather than others.

Comparisons 1
Comparisons 2